According to a recent study by Preston & Ho from the Univ. of Penn., extensive prostate cancer screening in the US since 1986 (when the FDA approved PSA testing) has led to a reduction in newly diagnosed metastatic tumors, and a reduction in mortality rates from prostate cancer, where treatment and survival are linked to the stage of cancer at diagnosis. European nations that increased screening have also experienced a decline in newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer and lower mortality rates.